Authorities in India’s eastern states of Odisha and West Bengal were evacuating hundreds of thousands of people from coastal areas overnight as trees were uprooted and houses demolished.
Odisha’s health minister Mukesh Mahaling told the AFP news agency that “nearly a million people from the coastal areas are being evacuated to cyclone centres”. In neighbouring West Bengal, the evacuations of more than 100,000 people began on Thursday, said Bankim Chandra Hazra, a government minister.
An overturned tin shed and other debris is strewn on a road on the coast of Bay of Bengal, where Cyclone Dana made landfall late Thursday night, in the Balasore district of Odisha state, India, on Friday, October 25, 2024 [AP Photo]
The very human practice of giving names to cyclones, storms, and hurricanes – despite the devastation they may wreak – dates back to the 1500s, even though we have only become adept at predicting their arrival since the first successful weather forecast in 1950.
With roughly one month left until we reach the end of this year’s hurricane season in the Atlantic region, meteorologists are warning that hurricanes and storms have become more frequent and intense in recent years due to climate change. Rising global temperatures correspond with rising ocean temperatures, which can lead to stronger storms.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States federal agency responsible for monitoring and forecasting global weather events, “The outlook for the 2024 Atlantic Hurricane Season indicates that an above-normal season is most likely (90 percent chance).”
The full list of suggested names to be used between now and 2027 can be viewed on the website of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and includes such names as Gaston, Lorenzo, Patty, and Idalia. Recently, tropical storm Oscar was named. On Monday, it made landfall in eastern Cuba as it headed towards the Bahamas.
Earlier this month, hurricane Milton hit Florida in the US, leaving more than three million people without power.
Let’s find out how naming storms started and why.
This satellite image from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) taken at 6:40pm Eastern Standard Time on Sunday, October 20, 2024, shows Hurricane Oscar [NOAA via AP]
Why did we start naming storms and hurricanes?
Although naming storms was only formalised in the early 1950s by the US National Hurricane Center – with the naming of Hurricane Alice in 1953 – the informal naming of storms started in the 1500s.
Some of the first named storms signalled a nod to Catholic saints, such as Hurricane San Franciso, which hit Puerto Rico on July 26, 1526, and the San Mateo Hurricane of 1565, which hit California. San Mateo was named after the feast day of St Matthew. It is not known who, precisely, chose the names.
In the late 1800s, an Australian meteorologist by the name of Clement Wragge, who had been appointed as chief weather forecaster by the Queensland government from 1887 to 1902, began the practice of naming storms after women. According to some historians, he also liked to name storms after mythical figures, military leaders, and politicians he didn’t like.
In 1953, the US National Weather Service started to use an alphabetical list of female names for the naming of storms, beginning with Tropical Storm Alice. It is not known who came up with this particular name or why.
However, some women took offence at this. In response to concerns raised by women’s advocacy groups, the practice of using solely female names was retired in 1979. Male names were incorporated into the list, creating a more inclusive and gender-balanced naming system.
How are storm names chosen?
A storm must reach winds of least 64km/h (40mph) to earn itself a name.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), located in Geneva, Switzerland, has 193 member states and territories and has been responsible for naming storms since 1953.
In general, hurricane names are chosen to represent the language most widely spoken in those areas affected by the storm. This ensures that those individuals in hurricane-prone areas can quickly identify the storm through their primary language.
The creation of the lists and selection of names is carried out by a WMO committee. Each name chosen for inclusion is at the committee’s discretion, but the general criteria is that the name should be easy to pronounce.
Why do we name storms?
The main reason for naming storms is to increase awareness while improving communication to the public on what’s happening with a particular storm, including landfall time, storm movements, and the storm’s possible lethality.
According to a recent article from the NOAA, “The use of short, easily remembered names in written as well as spoken communications is quicker and reduces confusion when two or more tropical storms occur at the same time.”
Do countries other than the US name storms?
Yes. In 2015, the United Kingdom started its own storm-naming system, which is now maintained by the UK’s Met Office and by Met Eireann, the weather service in the neighbouring Republic of Ireland. The first storm to be named in the UK was Abigail, in November 10, 2015.
Unlike the US naming system, the public can suggest names to the UK Storm Centre to be considered in future lists. Babet was the first publicly suggested name, used for the 2023-24 storm season.
US President Joe Biden visits storm-damaged areas in the wake of Hurricanes Milton and Helene, in St Pete Beach, Florida, the United States, on October 13, 2024 [Elizabeth Frantz/Reuters]
How do we know storms are on the way?
In the early 20th century, meteorologists employed a range of basic observational methods and instruments to forecast storms. Barometers were used to measure atmospheric pressure and anemometers were used to measure wind speed and direction. The telegraph – “the internet” of the 1900s – was used to communicate weather observations from weather offices in various locations.
Today’s more sophisticated technology allows most tropical storms to be quickly identified using powerful weather satellites. Modern satellites show high-resolution images of storm movements and patterns in real time, allowing for early warnings before storms fully develop.
The Doppler radar system, a weather radar technology, sends radar pulses of electromagnetic energy into the air towards a cloud from a ground satellite to detect precipitation and its level of intensity.
The radar can detect precipitation type – snow, rain, or hail. The radar system provides a location of the precipitation, the speed of the precipitation’s movement and droplet size.
In addition, weather planes, known as Hurricane Hunters, fly directly into storms to record real-time data on wind speed, pressure, temperature, and humidity.
< hypeARS FAQS Q: How are storm names chosen? A: Storm names are chosen by a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) committee, considering factors such as the language spoken in the affected area and ease of pronunciation. Q: Why do we name storms? A: The main reason is to increase awareness and improve communication about storm movements and potential impact. Q: Do countries other than the US name storms? A: Yes, countries like the UK and Ireland have their own storm-naming systems. Q: How do we know storms are on the way? A: Early warnings are provided by satellites, radar, and weather planes, which detect precipitation and storm movements in real-time. Q: What is the significance of naming storms? A: Names help to personalize the storm and increase awareness, reducing confusion and increasing public preparedness.
